The Engne Psiton (All You Need To Know)

The image illustrates an internal combustion engine (IC engine), a heat engine converting chemical energy into mechanical energy. Here's a breakdown: 

Components:

It shows a cylinder, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, valves, and spark plug or fuel injector. 

Operation:

The piston moves reciprocally within the cylinder, driven by combustion. This motion is converted to rotary motion by the crankshaft. 

Cycle:

The engine operates in a four-stroke cycle: intake, compression, power, and exhaust. 

Fuel:

IC engines burn fuel internally, using either spark ignition (gasoline) or compression ignition (diesel). 

Applications:

BREAKING: JAMB admits to errors in 2025 UTME Results

 

The Joint Admission and Matriculation Board on Wednesday finally admitted to errors which affected the performance of students during the 2025 Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination.

The Registrar of the Board, Prof. Ishaq Oloyede admitted to this during an ongoing press briefing in Abuja.

“What should have been a moment of joy has changed due to one or two errors,” Oloyede said.

The UTME is a critical prerequisite for admission into tertiary institutions in Nigeria. It tests candidates in four subjects, including the compulsory Use of English, with the other three drawn from their proposed field of study.

Of the 1.9 million candidates who sat the UTME, over 1.5 million reportedly scored below 200 out of the maximum 400 marks, raising concerns across the education sector.

According to the examination agency, a total of 1,955,069 results were processed, out of which only 4,756 candidates (0.24 per cent) scored 320 and above, considered top-tier performance, while 7,658 candidates (0.39 per cent) scored between 300 and 319, bringing the total for those who scored 300 and above to 12,414 candidates (0.63 per cent). 

Some affected candidates threatened to initiate a lawsuit against JAMB.

Details later…

 

Why is the intake valve larger than the exhaust valve?

1. The intake valve allows the air-fuel mixture to enter the combustion chamber. A larger valve ensures more mixture enters, boosting engine power and efficiency.

2. Exhaust gases are expelled after combustion. Since they’re pushed out by high-pressure forces, a smaller exhaust valve can still handle the job efficiently.

3. Exhaust valves face extreme heat. Smaller size helps manage this heat more effectively and allows room for stronger materials or cooling techniques.

4. Larger intake valves improve volumetric efficiency (how much air the engine can take in), directly impacting performance.

5. Engine designers balance valve sizes for durability, efficiency, and performance, making the intake valve larger is part of this fine-tuning.

In short: A bigger intake valve = better breathing, better power.

UTME 2025 RESULTS: We may review results - Says JAMB (Press Statement)

 

The Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board has announced a review of the 2025 Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination results following a wave of “unusual complaints” from candidates after the results were released on Friday

RE: PUBLIC COMPLAINT REGARDING THE RELEASE OF THE 2025 UTME

The Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB) acknowledges the significant volume of unusual complaints following the release of the 2025 Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME) results, which were officially published last Friday. In response, the Board is fast forwarding its annual system review—a comprehensive post-mortem of the examination process that is conducted each year months after the exercise.

The Board’s annual review encompasses three key stages: registration, examination, and result release. During the examination phase, JAMB ensures that every candidate is afforded the opportunity to sit for the test. Should any technical issues arise, the Board reschedules the examination for affected candidates without hesitation.

We are particularly concerned about the unusual complaints originating from a few states within the Federation. We are currently scrutinising these complaints in detail to identify and rectify any potential technical issues. To assist in this process, we have engaged a number of experts, including members from the Computer Professionals Association of Nigeria, Chief External Examiners, who are heads of tertiary institutions, the Educational Assessment and Research Network in Africa, measurement experts, and Vice Chancellors from various institutions. If it is determined that there were indeed glitches, we will implement appropriate remedial measures promptly, as we do in the case of the examinations themselves.

Fabian Benjamin, Ph.D.,

Public Communication Advisor, JAMB

FUEL INJECTOR CLEANING: Guides to Identifying Issues

 

   Fuel injectors play a crucial role in a vehicle's performance, delivering fuel into the combustion chamber for efficient power generation. 

    However, over time, these injectors can become clogged or damaged, leading to decreased fuel efficiency, reduced engine power, and even misfires.

 

To ensure optimal engine performance, it's essential to regularly inspect and clean fuel injectors.

The images below illustrates various fuel injector spray patterns, each representing a different type of issue. 

Let's break down what each pattern signifies:

1 FAIR but weak: This indicates that the injector is functioning but is not delivering fuel at optimal pressure.

2.  BAD: Split spray pattern: A split spray pattern suggests that the injector's internal components may be damaged or worn, causing the fuel to disperse unevenly.

3.  BAD: Jetting on left side: This indicates a problem with the injector's nozzle, resulting in a concentrated fuel spray on one side.

4.  GOOD: A uniform, cone-shaped spray pattern is ideal and signifies a healthy injector.

5. BAD: Feathering at top of spray: This pattern suggests that the injector's pintle may be damaged or misaligned, leading to incomplete fuel atomization.

 THE IMPORTANCE OF FUEL INJECTOR CLEANING 

Regular fuel injector cleaning can help prevent these issues and restore your vehicle's performance. By removing accumulated deposits and contaminants, cleaning can:

1. Improve fuel economy: Clean injectors ensure efficient fuel delivery, leading to better fuel mileage.

2. Enhance engine power: A clean fuel injector system allows for complete combustion, resulting in increased engine power and responsiveness.

4. Reduce emissions: Clean injectors contribute to cleaner emissions by ensuring proper fuel atomization.

5.  Prevent engine damage: Clogged injectors can lead to engine damage over time. Regular cleaning helps protect your engine's investment.

 HOW TO KEEP YOUR FUEL INJECTORS CLEAN 

To maintain healthy fuel injectors and prevent issues, consider the following tips:

Use high-quality fuel: Opt for premium fuel with additives that can help keep injectors clean.

Add fuel injector cleaner: Regularly use a fuel injector cleaner product recommended by your vehicle's manufacturer.

Change fuel filters: Replace your fuel filter according to the manufacturer's recommended schedule.

Avoid idling for extended periods: Excessive idling can contribute to injector deposits.

Consider professional cleaning: For severe cases of injector contamination, seek professional cleaning services.

By understanding fuel injector spray patterns and taking proactive steps to maintain their cleanliness, you can ensure optimal engine performance and extend the life of your vehicle.

Anti-lock braking systems (ABS): How Your Brakes Adapt to Prevent Wheel Lock-Up

 

In-Depth Look at ABS: How Your Brakes Adapt to Prevent Wheel Lock-Up

1. ABS Sensors: The ABS system utilizes sensors placed on each wheel to monitor their rotational speed.

2. Wheel Speed Comparison: The ABS control module constantly compares the speed of each wheel. If it detects a significant difference in speed between wheels, it indicates a potential wheel lock-up situation.

3. Hydraulic Control: When a wheel lock-up is detected, the ABS control module activates a hydraulic system connected to the brakes.

4. Brake Pressure Modulation: The hydraulic system rapidly modulates the brake pressure to the affected wheel(s) by releasing and reapplying the brake pressure. This action is done through solenoid valves in the hydraulic unit.

5. Pulsating Brake Pressure: By rapidly modulating the brake pressure, the ABS prevents the wheels from fully locking up. It allows the driver to maintain steering control and maneuverability while braking.

6. Anti-lock Effect: The rapid pressure modulation creates a pulsating effect felt through the brake pedal. This indicates that the ABS is actively working to prevent wheel lock-up.

7. Continuous Monitoring: The ABS system continuously monitors the wheel speeds, making adjustments as necessary to ensure optimal braking performance.

By preventing wheel lock-up and maintaining traction with the road surface, the ABS enhances braking efficiency and control, particular lay in emergency or slippery situations. It allows the driver to steer while braking, reducing the risk of skidding and improving overall safety.

Know the condition of the engine from the spark plugs

 

1- Good condition

2- Saturated with oil due to a problem in the piston

3- Needs to adjust the (gap) in the new spark plug

4- Evidence that the spark plugs have not been changed for long periods and needs to be changed immediately

5- Saturated with lead due to a high percentage of lead in the fuel

6- Saturated with carbon due to poor combustion, the fuel pump and air filter need to be checked

7- As a result of the engine temperature increasing above its normal rate, and therefore we check the system

8- Needs to change the type of fuel (for example, instead of 80 gasoline, it is 90 or 92 gasoline) or change the valves if it happened in a short period (less kilometers)

9- Evidence of a mechanical problem or a foreign body in the combustion chamber

Parts of the Throttle System

Parts of the Throttle System 

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🔧 TPS (Butterfly Position Sensor)

Detect how much you turn on the throttle.

⚠️ Failure → loss of engine response.

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🔩 Butterfly Screws

Hold the butterfly to the shaft.

⚠️ Never loose them! → risk of overwork or poor alignment.

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🚫 Butterfly Opening Graduate

Regulate the engine minimum.

⚠️ Don't adjust without scanning → alter the slow motion.

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⚠️ IAC (Air Control in Slow Motion)

Let air pass when you don't step on the pedal.

⚠️ If it's dirty → unstable RPMs or blackouts.

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ónico️ Electronic Pedal

Send the signal to the throttle body.

⚠️ Do not manipulate objects → risk of damaging the internal sensor. 

Car Fuel System Explained: Key Parts and How They Work Together for Engine:

Car Fuel System Explained: Key Parts and How They Work Together for Engine: 

The fuel system in a car is designed to store, filter, and deliver fuel efficiently to the engine for combustion. Here are the main components and their roles:

1. Fuel Tank:

The fuel tank stores gasoline or diesel. It is typically made of metal or plastic and has internal baffles to reduce fuel sloshing during movement. It’s the starting point of the fuel delivery system.

2. Coarse Fuel Filter (Pre-Filter):

Located near or inside the fuel tank, the coarse filter removes large impurities and debris before the fuel enters the pump. It helps protect the fuel pump from damage.

3. Electrical Fuel Pump:

The electric fuel pump draws fuel from the tank and pushes it through the system under high pressure. It is usually located inside or near the fuel tank and is controlled by the vehicle's electronic control unit (ECU).

4. Fuel Pipeline:

Fuel lines or pipelines transport fuel from the tank to the engine. They are designed to handle pressure and resist corrosion. Both metal and rubber hoses are used.

5. Fine Fuel Filter:

Positioned after the fuel pump, the fine fuel filter removes tiny contaminants that could clog fuel injectors or damage the engine. Clean fuel is essential for proper engine performance.

6. Pressure Regulator:

The fuel pressure regulator maintains consistent fuel pressure in the system. It ensures the engine receives the correct amount of fuel regardless of driving conditions or load.

7. Nozzle Rail (Fuel Rail):

The nozzle rail is a metal tube that distributes fuel evenly to all injectors (fuel nozzles). It maintains constant pressure across all injectors.

8. Fuel Nozzle (Injector):

Fuel nozzles or injectors spray a fine mist of fuel into the combustion chamber or intake manifold. The ECU controls the timing and amount of fuel each injector delivers.

2025 UTME: 41,027 underage candidates registered, 467 passed, 50 caught cheating (Sun)

 

The Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB), on Friday, provided details of the 2025 Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME) results it released earlier in the week.
    

JAMB Registrar, Prof. Ishaq Oloyede, at a press conference in Abuja, noted that as earlier approved by the Minister of Education, Dr. Tunji Alausa, opportunity was provided for underage candidates (16 years and below) to showcase their academic abilities.
    

He also recalled that at the last Policy Meeting of the admission policy of the Board, stakeholders resolved to implement the prescribed 16-year minimum age for entry into tertiary institutions, and to raise it to 18 years from 2025, but the Minister on resumption of office upheld the 16-year minimum entry age but halted the implementation of the proposal to raise it to 18 years from 2025. 

Know your car - components under the car bonnet A Driver Must know

Know your car - components under the car bonnet A Driver Must know these important basic names of parts under the bonnet!

1. Engine:

Description: The engine is the heart of the vehicle, responsible for generating power by burning fuel and air to create controlled explosions in the combustion chambers. It typically consists of the cylinder block, pistons, crankshaft, camshaft(s), valves, spark plugs, fuel injectors, intake manifold, exhaust manifold, and various other components.

2. Radiator:

Description: The radiator is a heat exchanger that helps cool the engine by transferring heat from the coolant circulating through the engine to the surrounding air. It is typically located at the front of the engine compartment and is connected to the engine by hoses.

3. Cooling System:

Description: The cooling system is a network of components, including the radiator, coolant reservoir, water pump, thermostat, hoses, and fans, that work together to regulate the engine temperature and prevent overheating. Coolant (a mixture of water and antifreeze) circulates through the engine and radiator, absorbing heat and dissipating it into the atmosphere.

4. Battery:

Description: The battery is a rechargeable device that provides electrical power to start the engine and operate electrical components when the engine is not running. It is typically a lead-acid or lithium-ion battery and is connected to the vehicle's electrical system via cables.

5. Alternator:

Description: The alternator is a generator that produces electrical power to recharge the battery and power the vehicle's electrical system when the engine is running. It is typically driven by a belt connected to the engine crankshaft and converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

6. Air Filter:

Description: The air filter is a component that removes dirt, dust, and other contaminants from the air before it enters the engine's intake system. It is typically housed in a plastic or metal casing and is located between the air intake and the engine.

7.Fuse Box:

Description: The fuse box is a housing for electrical fuses and relays that protect electrical circuits from overload or short circuits. It is typically located near the battery or in the engine compartment and contains a diagram indicating the function of each fuse and relay.

8. Power Steering Fluid Reservoir:

Description: The power steering fluid reservoir stores hydraulic fluid that is used to assist the driver in steering the vehicle. It is typically a small plastic or metal container located near the power steering pump and is connected to the steering system via hoses.

9. Brake Fluid Reservoir:

Description: The brake fluid reservoir stores hydraulic fluid that is used to transmit force from the brake pedal to the brake calipers or wheel cylinders, resulting in braking action. It is typically a small plastic or metal container located near the brake master cylinder and is connected to the brake system via hoses.

10. Windshield Washer Fluid Reservoir:

Description: The windshield washer fluid reservoir stores cleaning solution that is used to spray onto the windshield to remove dirt, bugs, and other debris. It is typically a translucent plastic container located near the windshield wiper motor and is connected to the washer nozzles via hoses.

These are just a few of the many components that may be found under the car bonnet. Each component plays a crucial role in the operation, performance, and safety of the vehicle. Regular maintenance and inspection of these components are essential for ensuring the proper functioning and longevity of the vehicle.